Hopanoid lipids may facilitate aerobic nitrogen fixation in the ocean.

Cyanobacterial diazotrophs are considered to be the most important source of fixed N2 in the open ocean. Biological N2 fixation is catalyzed by the extremely O2-sensitive nitrogenase enzyme. In cyanobacteria without specialized N2-fixing cells (heterocysts), mechanisms such as decoupling photosynthesis from N2 fixation in space or time are involved in protecting nitrogenase from the intracellular O2 evolved by photosynthesis. However, it is not known how cyanobacterial cells limit O2 diffusion across their membranes to protect nitrogenase in ambient O2-saturated surface ocean waters. Here, we explored all known genomes of the major marine cyanobacterial lineages for the presence of hopanoid synthesis genes, since hopanoids are a class of lipids that might act as an O2 diffusion barrier. We found that, whereas all non-heterocyst-forming cyanobacterial diazotrophs had hopanoid synthesis genes, none of the marine Synechococcus, Prochlorococcus (non-N2-fixing), and marine heterocyst-forming (N2-fixing) cyanobacteria did. Finally, we conclude that hopanoid-enriched membranes are a conserved trait in non-heterocyst-forming cyanobacterial diazotrophs that might lower the permeability to extracellular O2 This membrane property coupled with high respiration rates to decrease intracellular O2 concentration may therefore explain how non-heterocyst-forming cyanobacterial diazotrophs can fix N2 in the fully oxic surface ocean

Barotropic thin shells with linear EOS as models of stars and circumstellar shells in general relativity

The spherically symmetric thin shells of the barotropic fluids with the linear equation of state are considered within the frameworks of general relativity. We study several aspects of the shells as completely relativistic models of stars, first of all the neutron stars and white dwarfs, and circumstellar shells. The exact equations of motion of the shells are obtained. Also we calculate the parameters of the equilibrium configurations, including the radii of static shells. Finally, we study the stability of the equilibrium shells against radial perturbations.Comment: final version; ps-version of figure is available by email request to [email protected]

A Hamiltonian functional for the linearized Einstein vacuum field equations

By considering the Einstein vacuum field equations linearized about the Minkowski metric, the evolution equations for the gauge-invariant quantities characterizing the gravitational field are written in a Hamiltonian form by using a conserved functional as Hamiltonian; this Hamiltonian is not the analog of the energy of the field. A Poisson bracket between functionals of the field, compatible with the constraints satisfied by the field variables, is obtained. The generator of spatial translations associated with such bracket is also obtained.Comment: 5 pages, accepted in J. Phys.: Conf. Serie

Nonlinear Blend Scheduling via Inventory Pinch-based Algorithm using Discrete- and Continuous-time Models

This work uses multi-period, inventory pinch-based algorithm with continuous-time model (MPIP-C algorithm1) for scheduling linear or nonlinear blending processes. MPIP-C decomposes the scheduling problem into (i) approximate scheduling and (ii) detailed scheduling. Approximate scheduling model is further decomposed into two parts: a 1st level model which optimizes nonlinear blend models (with time periods delineated by inventory pinch points), and a 2nd level multi-period mixed-integer linear programming model (which uses fixed blend recipes from the 1st level solution) to determine optimal production plan and swing storage allocation, while minimizing the number of blend instances and product changeovers in the swing tanks. The 3rd level computes schedules using a continuous-time model including constraints based on the short-term plan solution. Nonlinear constraints are used for the Reid vapor pressure in our case studies. Excellent computational performance is illustrated by comparisons with previous approach with discrete-time scheduling model

Geochemistry and petrogenesis of volcanic rocks from Daimao Seamount (South China Sea) and their tectonic implications

The South China Sea (SCS) experienced three episodes of seafloor spreading and left three fossil spreading centers presently located at 18°N, 17°N and 15.5°N. Spreading ceased at these three locations during magnetic anomaly 10, 8, and 5c, respectively. Daimao Seamount (16.6. Ma) was formed 10. my after the cessation of the 17°N spreading center. Volcaniclastic rocks and shallow-water carbonate facies near the summit of Daimao Seamount provide key information on the seamount's geologic history. New major and trace element and Sr-Nd-Pb isotopic compositions of basaltic breccia clasts in the volcaniclastics suggest that Daimao and other SCS seamounts have typical ocean island basalt-like composition and possess a 'Dupal' isotopic signature. Our new analyses, combined with available data, indicate that the basaltic foundation of Daimao Seamount was formed through subaqueous explosive volcanic eruptions at 16.6. Ma. The seamount subsided rapidly (>. 0.12. mm/y) at first, allowing the deposition of shallow-water, coral-bearing carbonates around its summit and, then, at a slower rate (<. 0.12. mm/y). We propose that the parental magmas of SCS seamount lavas originated from the Hainan mantle plume. In contrast, lavas from contemporaneous seamounts in other marginal basins in the western Pacific are subduction-related

Mass of perfect fluid black shells

The spherically symmetric singular perfect fluid shells are considered for the case of their radii being equal to the event horizon (the black shells). We study their observable masses, depending at least on the three parameters, viz., the square speed of sound in the shell, instantaneous radial velocity of the shell at a moment when it reaches the horizon, and integration constant related to surface mass density. We discuss the features of black shells depending on an equation of state.Comment: 1 figure, LaTeX; final version + FA